Are too many people being sent to prison Research Paper

Are withal many spate be sent to prison - Research Paper ExampleThese are round of the questions that come to mind when one views the growing statistics of prisoners worldwide. This paper pass on focus on the fact that too many multitude are being sent to prison.There are too many people being imprisoned worldwide. The United States is leading in statistics for having many people in prison worldwide. The cosmos in jail has risen by over ten times as compared to thirty age ago. Most prisons are overcrowded and the cost incurred by the state in its move to fighting crime is exceeding and could be falling out of hand if nothing is done to address it. People are being sent to prison for minor crimes. Minor drug offenders for instance, make up a large subprogram of inmates, are being jailed for long terms. Debaters have argued that these minor offenders should be subjected to other forms of disciplinary bodily function like being made to do some community service in public. Th ey claim that this would be a more positive way to punish them and subsequently the other offenders who have not been caught will learn from them (Doughty 1).Take a tour to any prison around and you wont run to notice the evident congestion. The prison facilities have been suffocated by the vast issuing of prisoners being injected to the system on a daily basis. Inmates in these prisons are facing unmentionable miseries since the facilities and resources in the prisons are not adequacy hence they have to live like slaves. Alabamas prisons for instance, hold twice the number of prisoners that they were in the first place designed to hold. Their daily budget per prisoner is less than half the national average amount that should be spent on an individual prisoner. This strain is far from over since the number of people being sentenced is nevertheless increasing and new facilities have not been set up to accommodate them (Doughty 1).The increase in the number of people in the lower class is directly related to the increase in the number of people being sent to

Treaty of Varsailles - P3ip Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Treaty of Varsailles - P3ip - Essay ExampleAccordingly, to a greater extent than two million young German men lost their lives during the Great War and our cities remain deserted and destroyed following this unfortunate war. We, the German people, take issue with many of the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles and respectfully submit our challenges to a document which we believe does non but punish the suffering German people and lay the groundwork for future conflict on this great continent we share. We turn to the American delegation and plead for a just and amicable closure to the Great War. We do not seek to provoke further animosity with our neighbors and believe that a imperturbable settlement can be reached, provided that the understanding that we have all suffered in this dreadful conflict, is brought to the fore (Boemeke et al., 2009). number 1 and foremost Germany takes issue with the War Guilt clause which stipulates that we alone are guilty of this War. We cannot fo rget the more than two million young German men lost their lives during the Great War and it would be unprincipled to tarnish their legacy by declaring exclusive guilt for the travesty which befell all of our people. With respect to land and the ostensibly unilateral desire to take German land away from our people including Alsace-Lorraine, Eupen and Malmedy, Northern Schleswig, Hultschin West Prussia, Posen and focal ratio Silesia, we must object. The annexation of this land by foreign powers go away do more to sow disharmony between the Western Powers and Germany and we seriously hope that the division of Germany by the victors in this terrible conflict will be reconsidered. Furthermore, we believe that a League of Nations which excludes the great nation of Germany will be unrepresentative of the cultured people of this earth and for it to work in the manner in which it is presently being designed it

Analysis of Article about Binge Drinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Article about Binge Drinking - Essay ExampleThe author explains that college students chthonic the legal age of 21, are drinking large quantities of hard liquor, like vodka, in the privacy of dorms and apartments, as a prelude to going out for the evening. This is a new college tradition, dating from the 1990s, a dangerous activity which oft results in hospitalization and sometimes, death. He claims that the government do a grave error in command which prevents people aged 18-20 from legally consuming alcohol, driving the practice underground, making it attractive as disallow fruit. He expresses the belief, founded on experience and research, that if the legal age were lowered to 18, young people would correspond to use alcohol sensibly, in an open, mixed-age, social environment, this-this a saner approach, one which he observed at McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Like many young people, I have tried alcohol, mostly just a some beers at first, which I found gav e me a pleasant buzz, made me laugh and tone more relaxed. but I always stopped at three bottles, it is so fizzy and can make me feel bloated. My friends older brother usually bought the beer for us, when we first started drinking, and we only ever did it with friends, no adults were around. The boys usually drank a lot, oft getting sick, aggressive, bothering us girls too much, and even passing out. That spoiled the little parties for many of us and made me take care never to get so drunk as to lose control. Until one weekend, when my friends parents were apart and she had a party. on that point were about 20 of us and it was fun at first, laughing and dancing, drinking beer and ingest pizza. Her brother said we should really try some real booze, we were missing out, and so I drank three outsize glasses of Southern Comfort and lemonade, after having had three beers. It tasted fine, I felt good for a while. Suddenly, the populate was spinning, voices seemed louder, I kept bum ping into people and furniture and finally, I went outside and lay down in the grass. There was nobody else around me, I was scared and felt awful, the moon seemed huge and the sounds of everything were magnified.

Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

breast feeding - Assignment ExampleEmphasis is given on the need for the involvement of the government for the improvement of caliber of healthc ar services provided across Nigeria. The introduction of an effective healthcare system could help, according to Riman & Akpan (2012), to achieve the to a higher place target.The issue explored in the study of Riman & Akpan (2012) can be characterized as quite important. In fact, the lack of decorous funds has been, traditionally, a reason for failures in the delivery of healthcare services worldwide. The study of Riman & Akpan (2012) can be also used for identifying potential methods for keeping the quality of healthcare services in areas where the access to pay is problematic. The study of Riman & Akpan is well structured, at the level that subtitles shed been used for making the content more coherent. At the same time, literature has been combined with empirical research in order to offer more finished explanations in regard to its subject. It should be also noted that all aspects of the issue under examination are presented in detail helping the reader to understand the current status of healthcare financing in Nigeria and its effects on the quality of the commonwealths healthcare services. The resources used in the study concur been carefully chosen, incorporating literature related to the studys subject. As for the empirical research, this is based on a survey conducted among a particular category of the population, i.e. women in child bearing age who already have a child (Riman & Akpan 2012, p.296). This means that the results of the survey can be used for understanding the performance of the countrys healthcare system in regard to a specific group of people. In the consideration of the research methods described above, the authors conclusions can be characterized as legitimate, showing the relationship in the midst of healthcare financing and the quality of healthcare

Compareable between lean and six sigma Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Compareable between disceptation and six sigma - Article ExampleThus this paper entrust identify the weaknesses and strengths of both Six Sigma and lean and the ways in which they compliment each other.Six Sigma and lean are among the two most commonly used continuous improvement tools (Mousa, 2013, p. 1137). Lean originated out of the Toyota intersection System and its focus is on the elimination of waste in production which begins from the time an order is determined and ends when the order is delivered (Pojasek, 2003, p. 85). Six Sigma was introduced by the Motorola Corporation and is designed to eliminate variations in production and services and their processes so that defects are reduced and customer satisfaction is improved (Desai, 2006).In other words, lean focuses on reduction waste, while Six Sigma focuses on reducing defects. Therefore, it has been suggested that when lean and Six Sigma philosophies are combined an organization may benefit from significant improvemen ts in a short period of time at a significantly reduced cost (Mousa, 2013, p. 1137). This paper will compare and contrast Six Sigma and Lean with a sentiment to demonstrating their compatibility and differences for continuous improvement. The paper is divided into four parts. The first part of this paper presents a review of belles-lettres on lean and Six Sigma. The second part of this paper provides a comparison of the two philosophies. The trey part of this paper will discuss the implications for practice and the final part of this paper will discover suggestions for further studies.Lean is a philosophical approach to managing production and consist of facilitating a system for eliminating or reducing waste and any activity that does not add value for the end customer (Dora, Kumar, Goubergen, Molnar, & Gellynck, 2013). At its core, lean is a continuous improvement technique focused on just-in-time (JIT), quality systems and team whole kit (Wong, Wong, & Ali, 2009, p.

1 page synopsis that you think embodies the notion of skepticism Essay

1 page synopsis that you sound off embodies the notion of skepticism - Essay ExampleHe believes that huge advancements made in scientific look into would enable us to meet the aliens on equal footing.The author actually means that as register of civilization has shown, development of society vis--vis education, science and technology and democratic pattern of society has made us to a greater extent tolerant and inclusive society that thrives on understanding and mutual respect. So the more modernistic aliens would also behave in similar way and would prefer to understand and corroborate rather than pulverise us. It is for this reason that he is skeptic of Stephen mongers prophecy that aliens would be like nomads who would be colonizing planets when they flip there.The article is interesting because it discusses aliens invasion or their encounter with us in future. He has doubts about Stephen Hawkings belief about the nature of encounter with aliens because of his idea that adv ancements have made us more civilized Indeed, it has resulted in development but today, we have more wars and acts of violence which have become deadly due to technology. So aliens could be violent species and we should be prepared for that. (words

Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Financial Management - Essay ExampleThey should who the business is before long progressing and how it is likely to perform in the future. Accounting has its objectives which it is supposed to fulfil. In order to fulfil these objectives, thither be purposes and conventions that have to be followed and adhered to. This essay describes ten bill concepts citing practical examples for each concept. The essay will have it off between the concepts which are contained in IAS1 from those that are not contained in the IAS1. IAS1 accounting concepts Consistency The first concept of accounting is the consistency. The accounting records should be consistent. The fiscal statements of one pecuniary year should be consistent with the financial statement of another financial year (Stickney, 2010). They should be easily comparable. There are instances where the methods used in the preparation of financial statement of a certain year are changed in the next financial year hence it becomes diffi cult to compare the two. This should only be done when the reason is very genuine and satisfactory. Otherwise, the methods should always be similar. A good real life example of the consistency concept is that of a company that uses straight line method in computing derogation of assets. In all the later(prenominal) years, straight line basis should be used in the computation. This will enable the comparison of depreciation in various financial years. Going Concern Under this concept, it is assumed that an entity should continue to operate for an questionable period. Recording of assets in the financial statement should be on the basis of original costs quite a than the market value (Stickney, 2010). In addition, the concept assumes that the assets will be useful in the business for an undefined period of time. The idea is that there is no intention to sell the assets in the foreseeable future. In preparing the financial statement, the management is supposed to keep in mind tha t the business will be in mathematical process for a long period of time and in case there are any plans that there are some assets which will be liquidated in the near future, disclosures should be made on the statements. A real life example of a going concern is where a business is being change to another person. The business will be sold with all its operations, liabilities and assets as they were under the ownership of the previous owner. Nothing should be changed since under the going concern concept, the business is expected to continue as it is indefinitely. accretion basis It is the requirement under IAS1 that the financial statements of a business entity should be prepared on the accounting accrual basis (Stickney, 2010). Only the cash flow is exempt from this requirement. This means that revenue is supposed to be recorded in the time it was earned. It does not matter when the money or the earnings will very be reliable. In the case of expenses, they should be recogniz ed in the year they were incurred and the time they have very been paid does not matter. For instance, if the business issues goods on credit in a certain financial year, this execution should be recorded in the financial statement of that year even if the money is to be received in subsequent year(s). Materiality In a business, there are transactions which have the might to affect the decision making of the management (Stickney, 2010). Such transactions

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Response paper - Essay Example quat therefore, symbolizes womens status that at all times strives to conform to the demands of their husband.It isnt any fun to be a poor kitty out in the rain reflects the way of womans life history who is constantly under the vigil of her husband. The protagonist in the story is first addressed as American wife and then as American girl that subtly defines the difference between a get married girl and girl who can pursue their happiness as they deem inside the broader framework of hoary society. Married women are denied the basic right for self expression and empowerment of women and have to restrict themselves within the expected behavior as decided by their husband. Indeed, social conditioning significantly impacts marital stay put and makes women rebel against the restrictions that make the unequal and less worthy of their counterparts.On the other hand, Hemingway in the story, Hills like dust coat Elephants shows human frailty and confused s tate when confronted with topics that are socially unacceptable. The author has touched the issue of spontaneous spontaneous abortion and describes the vacillating views of the two individuals who are trying to justify the decision for abortion. Abortion is highly sensitive issue within the society and refers to deliberate termination of fetus. It has huge moral, religious and legal implications which make it almost a taboo subject. The authors foray into the subject is highly abstract and touches the subject in mingled ways to display the personal fear, social stigma and future hope. The inter-related consequences of abortion have wide ramifications and as such, make the decision as most critical aspect of the deed.The characters talk around the subject of abortion and the story slowly reflects how the woman succumbs to the desires of her partner and says Then Ill do it.

Family Variations and Implications to Children Essay

Family Variations and Implications to Children - Essay ExampleTherefore, the economic, social, and ethnic background of a family has a large impact on the behaviors and the upbringing of a child in the community. Children from single p atomic number 18nting portray different characteristics from children with both parents, with the gender of the child being a factor in determining how the family grammatical construction and relationships affect children in particular families. Wright & Chrysalis (2007, 16) argue that the rapidly changing family dynamics result in varying characteristics and behaviors in children, indicating that the structure of a family has a direct impact on the upbringing of a child. Therefore, children adopt behaviors and characteristics that mirror the family cultural and economic backgrounds, and family structures in the society. In this report, the various effects of family structures and their effects on children influenced by the social, economic, and cu ltural factors volition be investigated.Berthoud (2) further notes that in black families, the issue of extended family is more profound, and may embarrass grandparents, cousins, aunts, uncles, among others. Generally, inquiry in most U.K families portrays most traditional family structures are more stable compared to the current marriage structures, which include single parenting and cohabitation forms of marriages (Mooney, Oliver & Smith 2009, 3). Children in stable marriages portray healthy and stable development psychologically, mentally and are in most cases protected from vices experienced by children in the other two forms of marriages (Mooney, Oliver & Smith 2009, 3). such(prenominal) children are likely to be morally responsible according to stable upbringing, or the favorable tune in these families they have to learn their cultural orientations and the expected code of behaviors in the society.

Character of Jason Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Character of Jason - Essay ExampleAS the paper highlights the patient was advised to undergo chemotherapy which layabout assist in eliminating the pubic louse cells, also, Burkitts lymphoma responds quickly to radiation and chemotherapy especially if the patient is still young. In a span of two years, the patients life was filled with emotional moments as he struggles with anxiety, sadness, anger, and depression , shock and disbelief which are not uncommon for young patients who have cancer. According to Astin, Shapito and Eisenberg ( 2003) cancer as well as the treatments prescribed greatly affects the patientsFrom this paper it is clear that since the character was just a young child, his main concern was fear of death. His energy levels had been adversely affected by chemotherapy. The patient experient severe weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, and the depression of the immune system. For a child, this is a harrowing experience since the treatment itself seems like the disease. It is painful and depressing. Nevertheless, the American Cancer Society in the online article Children Diagnosed With Cancer Dealing With diagnosing recommends some guidelines that would help a child patient cope with cancer. The suggestions were specifically suited for children ages 6-12 It is therefore pivotal for parents to be honest in dealing with their child about the nature of the disease. The child must be fully informed about his/her situation and must not feel isolated from any knowledge regarding his health. It was also suggested that the patient record his feelings or thoughts through writing or drawing.

Smoking Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Smoking - inquiry Proposal ExampleThis stage is called metastasis. On the contrary, in some cases cancer cells do not pageantry uncontrolled growth, they are non-invasive and do not spread, such stage of cancer only forms benign tumors (Alberts et al, 2007). legion(predicate) factors are responsible for the proliferation of cancer, these could be environmental factors- tobacco and alcohol consumption obesity- sedentary life elan and higher intake of calorific fast sustenance may lead to the trigger of cancer genes (Bassen- Engguist, 2011), pollution, objectionable agents with carbon particles including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the industries releases toxic chemicals may act as carcinogens heredity factors, radiation hazards, by viruses, food items, pesticides and other organophosphorous compounds and cosmetic agents may act as carcinogenic agents (Irigaray, 2007). The present research proposal is to sidle up the significance of smoking in treating cancer.Treatment of cancer involves chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, studies reveal that investigative studies presents neurobiological, pharmacological implications of marijuana and its therapeutical propositions for HIV wasting, glaucoma and cancer chemotherapy (American College of Physicians, 2008). However, an impediment to pursue research is attributed to the intricacies exhibited by the federal approval methodology, low availability of research-level marijuana and disagreements over its legalization. Essentially, it is necessary for the physicians to realize the therapeutic implications of marijuana and encourage abusers co-operation in the concern and cure of numerous disease conditions that are hard to cure because of extreme pain and the association of the underprivileged (American College of Physicians, 2008).Marijuana, commonly identified as cannabis, comprises about 60 compounds unanimously described as cannabinoids. The world-class chemical component accountable for psychoact ive

Managing Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Managing Information engineering - Essay ExampleThe decomposition process of a dust comprises of deputize systems that are most in all likelihood to form more sub systems. The process of breaking down system in to sub systems simplifies the complexness and thorough understanding of the processes. Moreover, subsystems are also trouble-free to generate, edit or alter. The hierarchical sub system is a procedure to split a system in to succeeding level of sub systems. quin goals are essential for hierarchical decomposition (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, & Perkins, 2009). The goals are (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, & Perkins, 2009) The complexity of the system must be understand at an in depth level. Examine or evaluate only the specific area or part of the system Each sub systems that are interrelated to a system or sub system must be designed and constructed at various times. The focus must be to sway the attention of viewers All the components that are related to the system must be independent to operate. References Brown, C.V., DeHayes, D.W, Hoffer, J.A., Martin, W.E., Perkins, W.C. (2009). Managing randomness technology (6th ed.). Prentice Hall.

Markteing Consultancy Report part 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Markteing Consultancy Report part 3 - Essay Exampleduction of iPhone, they changed the way people perceived ache call ups phones that exploit the benefits of what the Internet tidy sum offer with their easy to use web applications. The AppStores for iPhone products has created a new securities industry for software programmers, from office applications to modern day games and video softwares.In place for iPhone to increase its market surface and improve their profitability, this paper will focus on recommendations of marketing programmes that the company would need. The paper is centred on the Lauterborns 4Cs of marketing instead of the traditional McCarthys 4Ps. The traditional marketing programmes are concentrated on product, pricing, promotional and place strategies. With Lauterborns 4Cs, the marketing programmes will be motivated by consumers, costs, convenience and communication. entrust product. Apple must focus on consumer wants and needs. In todays highly connected wo rld, a company cannot sell whatever they can make any more. A successful company can only sell what a customer specifically wants to buy. Apple must need to lure apiece customer one by one and offer something in particular that each customer wants.wandering phones, nowadays, are seen as a fashion item rather than a functional device. Most of the electric current mobile phones in the market offer similar features and functionalities. Apple can improve their market dispense by making iPhone available in different range of colours and features. Each customer must have an option to customize the physical aesthetics of the phone in order to suit their event and mood. A customized mobile phone would give the customer a feeling of ownership and uniqueness. Several designs of phones front and back covers should be made available in market in order to lure them to customize their own iPhone.Also, it is recommended that the company would create a suite of Internet based operate that deli vers email, contacts and calendars that can be linked

Democratic Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Democratic Systems - Essay ExampleDependants admitted in Britain (in thousands) 1 July 1962 - 31 December 1972Source Adapted from the Home Office, Commonwealth Immigrants Acts of 1962 and 1968 Control of Immigration, Statistics 1972, Cmnd. 5285, London, HMSO, 1973 and previous volumes published annually in the same series. In 1968 it has been passed the Bill against discrimination, however it has been accompanied by the new legislation, which has made control everywhere the entrance to the country tougher and sharply reduced the quantity of new immigrants. The same year during parliamentary countersign on racial relation Enoch Powell (that time the speaker of conservatives) has made the speech in Birmingham, in which he has expressed his anxiety on occasion of sharp increase of non- ashen population of Britain. Moreover the Gallup Poll has shown, that 75 % of British more or are less solidary with Powells estimation.With the purpose of struggle against racial discrimination in 1976 British third Race Relations Ac has been passed. The Act forbade discrimination at employment, rent or purchase of accommodations, acceptance in clubs and organization. For supervision over the execution of the Act it has been founded the Commission for Racial compare (CRE), which has been allocated with the broad powers. The decisions of Commission had the status of the law. However 1970s check been also marked by feature of frankly racist party of British interior(a) Front. In reply to this there have appeared the organizations resisting the National Front. For example, in 1977 for counteraction to propagation of National Front the Anti-Nazi League (ANL) has been founded.By 1990s the inhabitants of the Great Britain having West-Indies and S kayoedh-Asian... In may of 2001 in Oldham two nights on end police and superfluous troops unsuccessfully tried to persist the fight between white Englishmen and the Indian and Pakistan immigrants. The conflict had its own background. Th e Pakistan youth has declared the creation of special areas in Oldham where no white person should step. It has been presented as a necessary measure because the police do not protect Pakistan immigrants from excesses of white racists. The boylike people have started to gather in some resemblance of knots of self-defence. In April 2001 an Englishman by name Walter Chamberlain was hospitalised with a broken nose and cheekbones after three Asians attacked him saying, This is our area, get out (Milmo, 2001). The point is that this old man crossed a no go zone for whites. A veterinary of the World War II, 76-years Walter Chamberlain, has been brutally beaten by a group of teenagers-immigrants. Certainly, there were also the others white people, who crossed no go zones however this old man has appeared to be the easiest prey. Far right powers have immediately answered. They have attacked the Pakistan shop and have thrown a stone in a windowpane of the house, where lived pregnant woman of the Asian origin. From that moment the violence flamed up. For a start about hundred young Asians have crushed a pub, throwing it with bottles with Molotov cocktail. Then more than 500 young men set two-day riot.

International development assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International development assignment - Essay ExampleThe following discussion testament focus on this Brazil responsible sourcing come across and the first three years of project implementation. Initially, the project will be outlined, then its organization and performance will be evaluated. Finally, a concluding parting will assess its impacts and effects.The Brazil Responsible Sourcing Project partners are the United States Agency for International information (USAID), TransFair USA, Walmart Stores and topical anaesthetic Brazilian partner Sebrae-MG. Thus, the project unites the private sector (Walmart), government agencies (USAID) and non-governmental agencies (TransFair USA). It also includes a local (Brazilian) partner, Sebrae-MG a Brazilian agency dedicated to provide, through access to new knowledge, new business opportunities for little and small enterprises.The three-year project was initiated in 2007. In total, project partners contributed $1.9 million. Of that amount, $144,000 were infrastructure upgrade grants. (USAID, 2009) By 2008, eleven manufacturing business families had used the grants to build coffee drying patios on their properties so their coffee beans could reach proper quality, according to Coopfam professorship Lus Adauto de Oliveira. Coopfam was one of five Brazillian cooperatives that received project infrastructure grants. (USAID, 2008)The project nonsubjective was to servicing smallholder farmers increase exports of Organic and Fair Trade Certified coffee by 400% and 350% respectively. (USAID, 2009) The concept puke the project was to provide farmers with better access to global markets, thus increasing their income. A second objective was to provide retailers in the United States with enhanced access to premium-quality coffee beans. (USAID, 2009)The most noteworthy organizational conniption of the project was the number and diversity of project partners. The local Brazilian partner agency, Sebrae-MG, specializes in organi zing and coordinating arouse parties in developing programs that are

Understanding Performance Management Essay Example for Free

Understanding Per plaster castance Management quizThe mandate to operate at an optimal surgical operation level and digest financial and organizational expectations ar transforming the way organizations do business. This evolution is driving higher standards of competence in day-to-day operations and adding forward-looking pres certainly to increase stakeholder value. In todays rapid-paced business climate, the agility with which a company addresss mathematical operation preserve determine market po driveion and company profitability.Defining action Management Performance direction is the integrated process of defining, assessing, and reinforcing employee wee-wee behaviors and outcomes (Cummings and Worley 2005). Performance trouble focuses on understanding, optimizing, and aligning instruction execution and decisions and ensuring the collaboration and dominance of on the whole individuals across the business net urinate. It includes practices and methods for go al wadting, surgery appraisal, coaching, employee outgrowth and reward constitutions.More than ever, organizations need broader measures of employee act to ensure that (1) deficiencies be address in a timely manner through employee work upment programs that meet the inevitably of the organisation and its market, (2) employee behaviours ar being directed toward performance of proper(postnominal) objectives that are consistent with the work unit and the organization strategy, and (3) employees are provided with proper and timely feed back to dish with their career rebelment.These practices collectively influence the performance of individuals and work group, and enables them to work across strategic, tactical, and operational levels to align actions to ensure optimal performance. In order for effective performance management to take place, the process must utilize information from triplet time periods to do so. It makes use of data from the past in order to gather inform ation form past performance.This information is then utilized in the present for the establishment of work plans, goals and the setting of phylogeny opportunities. These objectives t here(predicate)fore allow for high levels of performance in the future. The Purpose of the Performance Management System The principal(prenominal) purpose of performance management is to make sure that employee goals, employee behaviours use to achieve these goals and feedback information roughly employee performance are all linked to the corporate strategy.However on that point is no one way to manage performance. What ever system is adopted needs to be congruent with the culture and principles that pervade the organization. Most systems of performance management has three purposes- Strategic, Administrative, and Developmental. The strategic purpose- Defining Performance One of the ways in which strategies are utilise is by management defining the desired results, behaviours and employee character istics necessary for carrying out strategy.They chiffonier then develop measurement and feedback mechanisms which will show hoe effectively results are being achieved and what to do to produce results. The organization can achieve this strategic purpose if it is flexible and amendable to changes in the goals and strategies which can occur, and also to recognise that if such(prenominal) changes occur, then there needs to be change in results, behaviours and characteristics of the employees, which must of necessity change to add together with such organizational changes. The Administrative Purpose-Measuring PerformancePerformance appraisal information is one of the main instruments employ by organizations for making administrative decisions, for example, earnings administration, in terms of pay raises promotions, retention or termination, mention of individual performance and identification of poor performance. The Developmental Purpose- Feedback and coaching This aspect of perf ormance management seeks to develop further, employees who are good at their communication channels. In instances where employees are not performing up to standard, performance management also seeks to improve their performance through coaching.The feedback from the performance military rank process indicates or identifies the areas of strengths and weakness in the employee performance. It is therefore critical to businesses that they recognise and fulfill the purpose of an effective performance management system as this is central to gaining a competitive advantage through the management of human resources. They also need to develop the measures by which performance can be evaluated. The discussion now turns to the development of the performance management system.It describes the major strategic decisions that must be put in place if the task force is to effectively soma a performance management system. In order for a successful performance management to be established, the pro cess must utilize five strategic decisions. 1. How the system will be used be used? 2. Who does the evaluation? 3. What areas are to be evaluated? 4. How should the evaluation be done? 5. What are the ways in which the evaluation can be done? How will the system be used Planned employee development should be one of the basic concepts of any organizations performance management system.This is an attempt to allege a broad policy which removes any option about battalion development by stipulating that maturation heap is a pillar of whatever system of management the organization espouses. This people development should be planned, not outflown mere lip service or expected to happen by itself. toleration of this policy would guard against the simplistic way in which some executive programs consider themselves to be results oriented as opposed to people oriented, thus absolving themselves from people development.The major thrust of employee development will be to express that the development of people as the best means available to achieve results for the organization. Three new suasions are intended in this policy recommendation. First, because development is different for everyone, there should be individual development plans. spot there may always be areas of growth or development common to many at the self identical(prenominal) time, these ought not to be the sum total of the people developing process taking place.It is oft an easy excuse for supervisors point to plantwide or companywide people programs as a way of absolving themselves of their people developing responsibility. The second operable word in this policy stirment is review. The supervisor is required to follow up on the people development plans. They are not to be spoken of enthusiastically for a brief period and then forgotten. If documented on company forms, they ought not to be forwarded to some staff office as though floating off into neernever land. They require monitoring so th at progress can be checked periodically.Third, individual plans should be reviewed at least annually. This is an attempt to offer some time frame for periodic review, so as not to make the task too timeconsuming. Furthermore, a lot can happen in xii months, so that this time span is not too soon for considering new situations that exponent warrant changing or updating the plan. Many practicing managers indicate a twelve month time frame as a practical one, especially when the development plan is discussed in the context of the annual performance evaluation.Each of my subordinate words should work out a special(prenominal) plan of personal development. Two thoughts are contained in this policy statement. First, individually subordinate is to prepare a development plan. Again, we speak of the universality of development. This isnt only for the weak, or only for those identified as shinning stars, or only for any select lucky or doomed few. Everyone has developmental needs in ord er to help achieve the mission of the organization. Second, there is the question of who whole works out this plan for development.Some may immediately think of some subordinates who do not show up capable of working out their own personal development, hence this may prompt a ostracize vote (or false mark) on this statement. Clearly there will be some individuals slight qualified than others to work out such a plan. But the intent is not to expect people to do it alone quite the contrary. The real point of this statement is to fix on the subordinate a sharing of the development responsibility for which the supervisor is accountable. It becomes then a shared responsibility between the supervisor and the subordinate.I should require individual development plans from for each one of my subordinates Again many mangers can point to individuals who might state, or have stated, they are not interested in development. Weve all encountered people same(p) that. They right away assert that they have no interest in getting promoted they know their theorize, they do it well, they simply exigency to work 9 to 5 and leave the jockeying for positions to someone else. This is precisely why the universality of the need for development needs reinforcing. It ought not to be an option. The organization cannot afford to let people maintain that attitude.It is not what we want to people to think of promotion or becoming managers or anything they truly do not want to become, only if in order to continue to perform well in the present areas of responsibility, people must slip away pace with developments in their field. Because no job stays the same, no jobholder can stay the same. succeeding(a) shock is a concept with which we are all familiar. So much happens in the work developments most us that no job remains the same very long. Hence, if a worker is doing the job the same way he or she did a year ago, that person is less effective, if not completely wrong. half-yearl y onthejob coaching is a major part of an individuals development. The hope here is that the supervisor will feel at home with the statement and its implications. Periodic commandment or help on the job is an everyday occurrence. No one will deny the need for giving instruction or assistance on the job to those who need it, and some need it more that others. If we can go about to see this part of the warp and weft of individual development, then the universal change envisioned in these statements will not be so threatening to some. Who evaluates Performance appraisal of the employee should be done by immediate supervisor.The supervisor is the one who is usually in the best position to observe and evaluate his or her subordinates performance and he or she is responsible for that persons performance. References I/O psych text other approach that can be used is peer appraisals. According to kane and Lawler(1978), three techniques are usually used (1) Peer nomination- each person no moinates a specified number of group members as being highest in particular dimension of performance. (2) Peer rating- each group member rates the others on a set of performance dimensions using several kinds of rating scales. 3) Peer ranking- each member ranks all others from the best to batter on one or more performance dimensions. The Appraisal of an employee by his or her peers can be effective in predicting future management success. One problem however is log rolling that is all the peers simply get together to rate each other highly. Also many group members donot like to evaluate one another, so part of the method hinges on impressing participants with its values. in that respect is also the rating committal which is usually composed of the employees immediate supervisors and three or four other supervisors.This type of rating is utilizable and advantageous because while there may be discrepancies in the rating s made by individual supervisors, the composite ratings tend to be more reliable, fair and valid. Another advantage is that several raters can cancel out problems like bias and the halo effect on the part of the individual rater. Employee evaluation can also be done by employees assessing their own behaviour. This is known as the self perspicacity technique. The basic problem with this is that employees usually rate themselves higher than they are rated by their supervisors or their peers.Meyer(1980) reorted a make in which engineers rated their own performance against their views of the performance of other engineers in the company. On average, each engineer thought he or she was performing better than 75% of the rest of the engineers in the study. Statically, it is quite a frolic to have a 100% of the workforce be in the top 25%b of job performers. This underscores the biggest problem with self- assessment positive leniency. Most people have higher opinions of their own performance than others do.There is also the other form of appraisal which is appraisal by subordinates, otherwise known as upwards feedback. In this situation, subordinates are anonymously asked to evaluate their supervisors performance. When this type of appraisal is conducted throughout the business firm it really helps the top managers to diagnose management styles, identify potential people problems and take corrective action with individual managers as required. Appraisal may also be conducted through performance feedback from all the persons with whom the employee has to move this interaction is referred to as 360-degrwee feedback.The appraisal can take place between coworkers, subordinates, and internal and external customers. The Performance Appraisal Interview and the Coaching Process The appraisal call into question is one in which the supervisor and subordinate review the appraisal and make plans to remedy deficiencies and reinforce strengths. For many supervisors the formal performance appraisal reference is one of the most dreaded activities of the role. Of course, supervisors often have no problem evaluating the outstanding performer. The problem is with everyone else.They are put in the position of providing information to a subordinate that often runs contrary to the subordinates own self-evaluation or self-image. This can lead to a number of outcomes that many managers would prefer avoiding. In conducting appraisal interviews effectively there are four major things that supervisors must do in preparation for interview 1. Spend a lot of time preparing go over the subordinates performance, your own interactions, the history of the employee if the employee reports to a number of supervisors, make sure you have input from all relevant sources 2.They must assemble data, study the persons job description, compare the employees performance standards that would be evaluated against, and review the files of the employees previous appraisals. 3. Supervisors should also prepare employees, that is , give them at lea st a week notice to review their work, read over job description, read problems and gather their questions and comments so that the interview can be a two-way conversation. 4. A mutually gentle time should be choosen ofr the interview. Enough time time should also be scheduled for the intertview.Having prepared for the interview there are four important things that supervisors need to cognizant of ? Supervisors should attempt to be direct and specific all times. They should speak in terms of objective work data such as absences, tardiness, qulit records, superintendence reports, productivity records and cost reduction. This is done so that employee is aware of all the areas that he or she is being appraised on. ?The supervisor should also encourage the appraisee to talk. Stop and listen to what the person is saying. The supervisor should ask opened questions such as what do you think we can do to improve the situation ? ? Do not get personal. Supervisors should correct to compa re employees performance to given standards and not to othe performance of other people. This can help to avoid clash or misunderstanding between the appraiser and appraisee. This also ensures that the person know what they are doing wrong and what they are doing right. The supervisor should ensure the persons understands , and get agreement before he or she leaves on how things will be improved and by a give n date . An action plan shoud also be developed showing steps and expected results.Coaching Some General Guidelines be as specific as possible take advantage of critical incidents-for example after a major project, sit down and reflect with your subordinate about lessons learned identify specific developmental agendas identify resources available to subordinates adapt your coaching style to the individual Link to compensation Many people may advocate that a performance appraisal is little more than a tool for managers to use in wringing as much work as possible from individua ls without adequately rewarding them.This perception is difficult to deny if you have ever been the victim of such exploitation. Indeed, it must be recognized that a dishonest and secretive performance appraisal system will only exacerbate poor employee relations. However, if employees believe that the system can assist them in furthering their own careers and economic prospects, performance appraisals can actually boost employee morale. Performance appraisals are peculiarly useful in facilitating equitable decisions about salary if the agency uses a merit pay system as the basis for salary progression.A merit pay system requires a method for translating judgments about work quality into appropriate salary actions. Pay increases of varying sizes must be rationally explained if a merit pay system is not to seem arbitrary. If an organization has an automatic pay system, with scheduled salary increases, performance appraisals will help identify (and justify the termination of) unsatis factory employees who demoralize others, since they receive the same salary increases as good workers.Recent research (Bannister Balkin, 1990) has reported that appraisees seem to have greater espousal of the appraisal process, and feel more satisfied with it, when the process is directly linked to rewards. Such findings are a serious challenge to those who feel that appraisal results and reward outcomes must be strictly isolated from each other. Methods for performance appraisal

Political Party and Internet Essay Example for Free

Political Party and meshing EssayHARATALIn modern strife torn state hartal has become a common affair. It is find at the call of a political party or parties to press their demand to protest against the corruption, damage of index heel and the evil deeds of the ruling party. Sometimes students and people of a locality call hartal to convey their demands. On a hartal day normal course of life is stopped. All means of transport and vehicles do not move on the roads. People are to croak a lot of troubles to attend their offices. They go on foot as vehicles are not available. As a result the attendance is actually negligible in the offices, factories, industries and unwraps. The economy of the countrified suffers a heavy loss. Mills, factories, industries and shops stop their work. All the business centers, markets and shop remain closed. The supporters in favor of hartal bring their procession. Often clashes occur between the police and the picketers. Sometimes clashes t ake place between the supporters of the opposition and the ruling political parties which result in near deaths. On a hartal day the pathetics of the people know no boundLOAD SHEDDINGLoad-shedding is the suspension of electricity come forth on certain lines when demand is greater than the generation. It occurs when the generation of power is less than the demand. Besides, unplanned distribution and bootleg connection of electricity are also responsible for it. It creates various weighty problems. The students are affected by it if it occurs at night. They sit idly in the dark closing their books. They suffer terribly owing to load-shedding on the night before their examination. Mills, factories, industries, all academic and socio-economic institution seriously suffer due to it. It seems that everything comes to a viewpoint and so life becomes rally painful. In a country like ours it is very difficult to act the problem of load-shedding. Yet we can go a long way by establishin g new power plants, ensuring planned distribution, reducing system loss and checking illegal connections. If these are ensured, we may expect to get disembarrass of the curse of load-shedding. Goernment should also take effective steps in this regard.ComputerThe computer is i of the most brilliant gifts of science. This device was originally developed by Charles Babbage. Most countries have developed riotous due to computerization. Writing a program is essential for a computer. Speed, accuracy, reliability, and integrity are the main characteristics of a computer. Many of the routine activities today at home and in business are done by computers. The computer has proved a friend and servant of science, technology and industry. Most offices, shops, factories and industries mapping computers. The Internet is a storehouse of teaching. The computer is boon to all. Telecommunication and satellite imageries are computer based. Computer has made the creative activity a global village today.The InternetThe information system of the world has become globalized with the magical spook of internet. Like a spider-web the Internet has spread its interconnected link with tens, hundreds or even thousands of computers. And it has enabled them to share information and communication with one another widely, effectively and inexpensively.The Internet has made it possible for people all over the world to bring the information and communication system within their palm. The Internet has brought new opportunities to government, education and business.Governments use the Internet for internal communication, distribution of information and automated tax processing. Bangladesh as a developing country does not have access to the Internet in all sp presents. Still internet here has some access to the business world and the banking system. Educational institutions also use the Internet to some extent. Internet here also allows a great variety in digital entertainment. People can en joy music, movie, gaming, chatting with friends, communion views and ideas about world affairs just by pressing few keys. We hope that we will get full-fledged access to the Internet, an international computer network, to make our Bangladesh a developed and prosperous country.TRAFFIC forceTraffic jam is one of the most irritating problems in bangladesh. It has taken a very serious shape in city areas.This problem is the result of rapid growth of population and the increasing number of vehicle. In proportion to our population, roads have not increased. Moreover, cities are full of rickshaw and rickshaw pulles do not follow the occupation rules never maintain a queue while waiting to proceed. prematurely loading, unloading of goods of trucks, unauthorised markets by the road side, unwise parking to vehicles, public meeting, processions etc.Generally nonplus dealing jam. Narrow roads in another cause of traffic jam. Most often traffic jam occurs at office time and also at the tim e when the officer break. Sometimes traffic jam is so heavy that it blocks half a kilometre. It kills our valuable time and cause great suffering to the dying patients being carried in the ambulance. However, this problem can be solved by adopting some measures. headspring planned spacious road should be constructed. one way movement of vehicles should be introduced.Traffic rules should be compel strictly so that the drivers are bound to obey them. The number of traffic police should be increased.

Beginning The Audit Report Essay Example for Free

initiation The Audit Report EssayI would like to thank you for vesting your party and trust in our fast to be your hearers. In this garner an explanation of the general terms and the touch on of our audit pass on be defined. This is only an educational purpose earn and is non an agreement.THE AUDIT PROCESSAn audit is an examination and surveil of companies monetary statements. The examination is performed with a view to portray an opinion of whether the companies financial statements prove a professedly and fair statues of the compevery. Auditing the activities of the family testament be planned, executed properly and thoroughly reviewed to assure that wholly statements be in compliance with laws and regulations. The following is the process as to which our firm will be conducting the auditWe permit a strict guestele screening process, once the screening process ofthe company is reasond and confirms that youre company is an acceptable node we will proceed wit h the next step in the process.Once the screening process is passed we might need to contact the companies previous auditor and have agreed consent from them to proceed. If the previous auditor does not consent or if your company does not wholeow us authority to contact he previous audit our firm will not perform the audit in your company.After all consents have been given in that respect will be an audit engagement letter that will be issued to your company, which would represent the agreement between your company and our firm. The agreement would give the fundamental basic terms of the representation the audit will be performed and what expectations of the firm and company will be.Once your company receives the engagement letter, all data will be collected from your company and the environment. The information collected will allow us to identify problem areas from prior audits.When all data is gathered we will lie with a happen assessment of the company so that the best audit approach may be selected.For low risk of exposure companies we may test controls to analyze whether or not the companies internal controls are functioning followed by a smaller set of substantive testing.If the company is high risk your internal controls are weak, we would will hope heavily on substantive testing in disposition to make sure that there is no misstatements in the companies accounts.Whichever approach is chosen the analytical process during different parts of the audit will be the same.Once the main work is completed we will review the audited work and bring onward any issues to you that have risen from the audit work.When the issues are resolved (if any), the audit report will be issued. This would conclude our audit process on the companies accounts and statements for the year.Attached you will find other documents which will give you a better understanding of the audit process. Please if you have any questions please feel free to pen to us.Thank you,The audito rs._Attachments_Engagement checklistEngagement letterTimeframes for the auditENGAGEMENT CHECKLISTAUDITYES/NOIntroductory letter sent to clientScreening process of client completeFirst meeting with client completeGeneral issues were discussed with clientConsent to contact previous auditor requestedDetailed meeting with client discussing engagement terms heldLetter of engagement sent to clientChanges to scope made (if any)Letter genuine by client and acceptedAudit timetable copy sent to clientENGAGEMENT LETTERToDirectors of Apollo Shoes.This letter serves as representation that we will act as auditors for Apollo Shoes, therefore responsibility of the company and our firm in all respected areas of the audit.MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY FOR FINANCIAL STATEMENTSResponsibility of preparation and accurate presentation of the financial statements in accordance with IFRS and SFAS will be held by management. The respected responsibility complicatesAppropriate write up policies should be selec ted and appliedInternal controls relevant to the preparing and presenting financial statements should be designed and implemented. Financial reports should be free from misstatements.account estimates should be made to a reasonable and circumstantial amount(Apra, 2009).AUDITORS RESPONSIBILITYOur firms responsibility is to give the company an opinion on the financial statements that are presented to us based on our audit findings. We will review all data collected and ascertain that information and work is in compliance with statutes, regulations, GAAP, SFAS, and IFRS. We will in any case ascertain that the data is in compliance with the code of ethics for professional auditors (Apra, 2009).Audit will include the review and examination of all figures and facts on a test basis. Due to the nature of the test there may still be a risk that some misstatements will go undiscovered. In order to reduce risk we encourage and need Apollo to provide and make necessary arrangements relating to the execution of the audit. Our firm will require unrestricted access to all records, documentation and all information requested by our firm. both representation that the company makes in connection to the audit will be expected to be affirm and in writing.When the firm feels that there is sufficient work reviewed and completed by the auditors to establish an opinion, the firm will issue and audit report. The report will be given to the company if all issues and circumstances brought forth by the auditors is resolved by the company.FEE AND OTHER ISSUESThe firms fee will be charged on a fixed amount of $12,000 plus an additional hourly wage based on the moment of hours worked by the firms staff on your companies audit engagement. This additional fee will vary depending on the take of seniority the individual has and time spent. Our firm will issue a management letter, which will revolve around on the companies weaknesses in the internal control system, which arose from the aud it. This letter is a professional courtesy letter and is not a part of the audit.Please sign this letter and send it back to us. Once signed, this letter will represent the confirmation of the terms of engagement. This letter will remain effective until the letter is superseded, canceled or amended.Sincerely,AuditorsOn behalf of directorsSignature __________________________________TIMEFRAMES FOR THE AUDITAUDITDATE COMPLETEDDATE REVIEWEDGathering of knowledge about clientIndustry statsProduct rangeMarkets operated make customersKey suppliersCompetitorsRisk assessmentInitial analytical proceduresKey evaluation of audit approachSelection basis of samplesexamination receivablesTesting and checking inventoryTesting payablesTesting long-term liabilitiesTesting capital and other shareholders fundsTesting and verifying non-current assetsVerification of cash and assert detailsFinal analytical reviewReview of post balance sheet eventsApplication of accounting standardsAudit finalizationIssue of audit reportReferencesArens, A.A., Elder, R.J., Beasley, M.S. (2012). _Auditing and Assurance Services_ (14thed.). Upper Saddle River , NJ assimilator Hall.FASB. (2014).Apra. (2009). _Auditor Report._ Retrieved from http//www.apra.gov.au/Superannuation/upload/AuditReport_Vn2-Sept.pdf

Organization Psychology Essay Example for Free

Organization psychology EssayDuring the period between 2002 and 2005 a cancer center in Jordan i. e. magnate Hussein crab lo engagement Center (KHCC) changed its organization model from traditional to transformed model. The invite for transformation was in response to remote factors of the environment in order to accommodate the needs of its lay on the lineholders. ab initio the center was called Al-Amar center which had operations and material body occupations that were affecting the organization (Miller, 2006). Al-Amar centre was perceived to be ineffective institution for caring of cancer . moreover it has transformed into a comprehensive centre for cancer that resemble western styles. The name of this centre changed to King Hussein Cancer Centre (KHCC) following the change between 2002 and 2005 there were improved c be run and improved its quality levels. In the same period the center was accredited and achieved Joint Commission planetary (JCI) (Miller, 2006). Orga nization Psychology Following the changes of KHCC it was able to achieve accountability, fiscal balance, certificate of accreditation from the international body and variegation of the work.There are three concepts which are be dwellved to afford led to the rapid changes in KHCC these are multinational culture, transformational leadership and political competence (Jeffrey, Gregory Andrew, 2007). Both natural and political values are included in transformational leadership formulation. Transformational leadership can be explained by looking at the values, norms and pagan organization expression others are like internal negotiations, political influence in assessing such resources and setting external boundaries.The mechanisms that facilitated changes lie within the capabilities of the leaders and their behavior. The leaders in KHCC were seen to sacrifice themselves a great deal in bill of exchange out themselves and the associates. The leaders were devoted to attend to the ne eds of forbearings and those of lower level employees. This was in an effort to bear witness the wellnesscare standards the attributes that result from transformational leadership are universal and are mediated by specific cultural expectations from the lower employees (Miller, 2006).The characteristics of leadership in KHCC were not cultural specific. There is new form of leadership that is dissimilar from the previous one. The new leadership is goal oriented and allows participation of the followers in identification, murder and military rating of projects and programs aimed at improving the performance of the healthcare. However transformational leadership can be autocratic or popular but the form of leadership that is observed in KHCC involves all the stakeholders in the project design and implementation of their programs.The aspect of involvement of the stakeholders fall under four components in KHCC i. e. intellectual stimulation, idealized stimulation, ideological motif and individual consideration (Jeffrey, Gregory Andrew, 2007). Inspirational motivation can be created by leaders by articulating the afterlife of the organization through setting of higher goals and standards that are inspiring and appealing to the follower. These goals or standards brighten the follower to be optimistic in what they are doing and therefore they will sacrifice themselves even where there are difficulties.For an organization to move to higher level of service it requires the team members to sacrifice themselves. Activities such as problem solving, daily realiseing and working in late hours in order to meet the goals and objectives of the organization requires personal sacrifice and therefore there is need for the stake holders to be motivated (Miller, 2006). Initially the safety of the patients was compromised and therefore the leaders and the followers of KHCC committed themselves inured to create higher standards and improve the health care services.Idealized i nfluence can be achieved when the follower admire or emulate a leader as being ideal. The followers of KHCC admired their leaders since they had high level of commitment, show of professionalism and they were unbidden to take care of patients. Respect of the leaders is also necessary in the acquirement of the vision of the organization. In KHCC the goals are expressed to the team as inspirations and all the stakeholders are involved. There is training for staff at all levels based on the individual needs.Team building serves to reinforce commitment mutual paying attention and gathering ideas. Intellectual stimulation and individual consideration are behaviors among the leaders that attend to individuals with challenging issues or needs, concerns and soliciting the ideas of others (Andrea, 1997). Cultural sensitivity also contributed to the transformation of KHCC. This refers to the art of understanding the preference, norms and biases which may result to ineffective patient interac tion. Cultural sensitivity and competence contribute to the success of the organization.At KHCC the staffs are recruited with knowledge of global technologies and discourse that contribute to a medical society globally. Currently many international corporations are living expatriates with two local and western knowledge. Cultural competence can be gained by deploying information engine room (Bommel, 2005). anterior to the transformation of KHCC information technology was poor and therefore the rapid growth of the center required a wider distribution of information technology.At KHCC video conferencing internet and e-mail access, access to national and global libraries of health, telepathology drive home been made possible. The increased use of information technology has influenced transnational culture (Moe, 2007). The establishment of the information technology was to enhance the health services to patients. The technologies have made KHCC to advance into western center for ca ncer. There is move training that has facilitated competent and qualified clinical scientist who is familiar with therapeutic and clinical oncopology practice.Through the training they have succeeded in both internal and international medical environment (Bommel, 2005). End of life is a service that has been implemented in KHCC and did not exist previously. This is a strategy that was implemented during transformation and was aimed at prolonging life. The system is also aimed at paying attention to quality of life of patients. The staffs have been able to create and recollect cultural support through training that they undergo under palliative care.The staff has also change their language in order to break the language barrier and cater for the needs of all the stake holders. The influence and control between the stakeholders also have contributed to the rapid transformation of KHCC. The reliance and trust that is created by the leaders confer the followers willingness to follo w or have an explanation of their willingness. KHCC staffs were able to create this confidence among their followers and therefore contributed to the rapid growth (Andrea, 1997).The staffs were also genuine and sincere in their commitment towards the achievement of KHCC the relationship between the domestic organization of healthcare, senior staffs and the overseas organization was vital for the transformation of KHCC. This relationship enabled the center to use effectively the technologies in order to cater for the needs of the stakeholders. Conclusion Culture extends beyond the boundaries of institutes. The professional role of culture and cultural context that is carried within information technology can make globalization to be possible.Political competence as a characteristic of a leader has a particular utility in the role of government in promoting health care and resource use and exchanges. Government incentives should include political capabilities in setting external broad er boundaries in environment. Political capabilities can attention to achieve the desired goals of an institution since they impact on their financial status. Therefore political competence need to be identified and leaders be trained on how to posses them. During the rapid changes of KHCC there were growing quash of patients and programs and services increased (Moe, 2007)

Cold War Essay Example for Free

Cold War EssayHow was the Cold War fought? Directions The following caput is based on the accompanying accounts in Part A. As you analyze the documents, take into account some(prenominal) the source of the document and the authors point of view. Be sure to 1. Carefully read the document-based question. accept what you already know about this topic. How would you answer the question if you had no documents to examine? 2. Now, read each document carefully, underlining key phrases and words that address the document-based question. You may also wish to use the margin to make picture notes.Answer the questions which follow each document. 3. Based on your own knowledge and on the information appoint in the documents, formulate a thesis that directly answers the question. 4. Organize supportive and relevant information into a brief outline. 5. Write a well-organized essay proving your thesis. The essay should be logically presented and should include information two from the d ocuments and from your own knowledge outside of the documents. Question How did the Cold War begin and what weapons were used to fight this state of war? Part AThe following documents provide information about the Cold War.The offensive missiles could destroy roughly cities in the Western Hemisphere. Consequently, he demanded that the Soviet Union remove these missiles from Cuba and end this dangerous arms race. register 9 Premier Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles because he said they were only put there to withhold and protect Cuba from an attack. Since the U. S. had promised that Cuba will not be attacked by any country in the Western Hemisphere, the missiles were no longer needed. The threat of nuclear was lifted and the world stepped back from the brink of war. 127 Additional Information beyond the Documents

Answers to Select End of Chapter Questions Essay Example for Free

Answers to Select End of Chapter Questions set about16. Since we have the profits from all in all three scenarios we just to compare the present evaluates of each scenario. We do not need to subtract anything from the present value since the costs have already been subtracted from profits.We only whent go all over that we have the loftyest present value of $290.87 when we use high advertising intensity. Therefore this is the recommended scenario.Q2. This question deals with margin analysis, we leave look at incremental revenues and costs and see whether they are worth it. On the revenue aspect we have an increase on 9807700, however we also have incremental costs of television airtime, ad development and a loss of $6000000 in another divisionWe cannister see that when we add up the incremental costs, they exceed the extra revenues by 317100. Therefore I do not recommend that this campaign to be undertaken.Q21. Producer Producer. The Brazilian and five other producers are competing against the US Southern Shrimp Alliance. some(prenominal) groups are competing to provide the customers with the best shrimps at the lowest cost. However currently the Brazilian Producers have an service with their lower labor, cheap land etc. regime and Market According to the current scenario, the Brazilian separate would be choice of the market since they can produce it much cheaper.However, the Sourthern Alliance is trying to lobby the Government into imposing tariffs Brazilian Imports. Consumer Producer Rivalry The American Seafood Distributors, which represent consumers of shrimp farming, are interested in having the lowest cost. They are supporting the Brazilians and can potentially choose not to buy from the US establish shrimp farmers. Consumer Consumer Rivalry Is pretty low, since they have banded together to form the American Seafood Distributors. Five Forces analytic thinking Shrimp Farming IndustryPower of Buyers high upBuyers have formed the Ameri can Seafood Distributors, which doer they can ask negotiate in bulk and choose whether they buy from one firm or not. They evidently have very low dealing costs. Since shrimp is still shrimp wherever it came from, the value value combination becomes very important. Possible Government Intervention.Power of Suppliers LowThe shrimp farmers procure their allow for from the sea. And rattling the shrimps have very little choice in the matter. There is plentiful offer, although it depends upon the weather and climate, therefore geographically specific. Also the fishermen who fish for the shrimp or the people who work in the farms deal lower payment for Brazilians but relatively high for the US based on the labour laws.Competitive Intensity HighDifferentiation is low and competition is based primarily on footing. There seems to be a high degree of concentration amongst the firms competing in the industry.Substitutes There are various substitutes available within the product class . alternatively of shrimps, consumers could go for other seafood such(prenominal) as fish. Or they could also choose to go completely contrasting route and avoid Seafood altogether. Entry MediumEconomics of scale are necessary to harvest shrimps at a lower cost, and since there is bulk buying, network effects are also important. Q23. I would prove the owner that while owner did the right thing by incentivizing the manager, but the structure of the incentive ask to be switchd. The owner has incentivized the manager to make sales, but has given no incentives to the manager to sell at a higher price. I would recommend that the owner should either set a minimum price on sales or, offer the incentive out of the profits e.g offer 2% of the profit on the sale which would ask.CHAPTER 2Q11. In the first case, a drop in price of components represents a change in the factors of production. Therefore this allow for result in a change in the bill supplied. This kernel that the supply curv e give shift to the right. Since there is no change in the requirement curve, this means that the price result fall. (exh 1) In the second scenario, we have information that incomes are supposed to grow over the coming two years. Change in income produces a change in the beseech curve. This is case we bonk that RAM is a normal good, with people having income over $75000 buy nearly 1.3 times more. Therefore we can impart the price to increase. However, whether this final price is greater than the initial price (before the changes in supply and demand curve) is unclear and will depend upon how much does the supply curve shifted due to cost drop.Exh1exh2Blue foregoing SupplyBlue Previous SupplyRed clean Supply Red New Supply Green New DemandQ13. First of all, the question misquotes the law of demand. When the prices of cigarettes are raised, the quantity demanded for cigarettes will fall but the demand for cigarettes will not. The effectiveness of higher pricing will depend upon the cause of the higher pricing. If the price hike is due to a price ceiling by the governmen. then definitely the number of cigarettes demanded will decrease. However, cigarettes are very addicting, which means that the price elasticity if cigarettes is very low. So the drop in quantity demanded is very small. (exh 3). On a theoretical train, it is possible for the equaliser price to remain the same but with lower number of cigarettes smoked.In this diagram, the red line is demand, while the blue line is supply, we can distinctly see that even with a price ceiling, the number of cigarettes smoked as decrease very little.Exh 3Q14. Well, in order to find out the equilibrium price and quantity I will consider the demand and supply functions. 175 p = 2P -200. This gives us P = $125. Furthermore, at this price 50 pints of crosscurrent will be processed. In order to find the consumer supernumerary we will need to find the field underneath the demand curve. $175 Price$ 125AB$1005 0QuantityThe area of triangle A is the consumer surplus = * (50) * (175-125) = 1250 The area of triangle B is the producer surplus = * (50) * (125-100) = 625Q15. Crude oil is the critical component in the refining process. The price of gasoline will rise dramatically due to the shift in the supply curve. Since the arouse has become more expensive, people will want to buy less of it and therefore will want to buy cars which are more fuel efficient. This will cause the demand curve for fuel efficient cars to shift to the left.Q16. Qs1 = 4P 110 which gives me coordinates of (0, 27.5) and (-110,0) Qs2 =4.171P 110 which give me coordinates of (0, 26.37) and (-110,0) Qd= 250 5P which give me coordinates of (0, 50) and ( 250,0) First let me find the equilibrium price and quantity by equating Qs1 and Qd. This gives me Pe = 40 Qe= 50 million. Also when I equate Qs2 with Qd I get the new equilibrium Pe2 = 39.25. Each customer saves 75 cents per month.Q10 of the assignmentThe price of an entry level DVD player is $25.70 on EbayAccording to my estimate, the demand curve and supply curve have some(prenominal) shifted to the left. Demand Curve As opposed to 2003, in 2012 people have many more pickaxe in which to watch their movies. They can carry them on USBs, stream them over the internet, or rent them online from websites such as Netflics. All of these directly contribute to reduce the popularity of DVDs which are complements of Dvd Players. Since there are so many alternate channels to watch movies which offer better price and excellent quality, people will not demand as much of the product. Furthermore, the large amounts of substitutes will directly contribute make the demand much more elastic, so that at the slightest decrease in the price people will switch out Supply CurveDue to mass production and advancements in technology one could expect that the supply curve should shift outwards. However, due to the number of firms which will pull out of this industry t he supply curve will shift towards the left. There is simply not enough demand to sustain all these firms.ii)Besides the change in the number of suppliers, change in technology or a decrease in labour costs could affect the supply similarly

Should a Piece of Literature Be Judged on Its Literary Merits Essay Example for Free

Should a Piece of Literature Be Judged on Its Literary Merits experimentSteven Brust once wrote In my opinion, the proper way to judge a novel is this Does it give one an entire reflection of the moods and characteristics of a particular group of people in a particular place at a particular time? If so, it has value. Otherwise, it has none. (Brust, Steven. 2005. Sethra Lavode). Brust, quite clearly has joined this debate regarding literary theories. He maintains that if aspects of literary piece, aside from its own merits, are not significant then it has no worth. It is continually and widely signald by critics of literature whether a book should be based on its literary merits alone, or if only authorized aspects, much(prenominal) as score, regarding its writing should be relevant. The relationship between history and literary unravel is very much questioned. There are four main gravels that have been devised to explain this. The first regards a piece literary work as universal and belonging to no time period. The gravel states that historical context of use has no significance in literary texts, and that both should remain autonomous from severally other.Critics are concerned with literary texts being artefacts in themselves that surpass the possibilities of a particular time, thus the idea of specific historical context is dismissed. R. S. Crane supports this view and in an essay said history is part of the general history of kitchen-gardening whereas literature should be imaginative works considered with respect to those qualities which can truly be said to be timeless quite apart from any intimacy of their origin or historical affiliation (Crane, Ronald. 1967. memorial versus Criticism in the study of literature, in The idea of the Humanities and Other Essays Critical and Historical, Vol. 2. scratch University of Chicago Press).In short, this model centres around the basis that a literary work should be judged on its, as Crane said, timeless qualities for example the quality of its linguistic features and other aspects that give a work literary merits. The second model regarding history and literature is based on the idea that the historical context of a literary piece helps lead to proper understanding of it.A text is produced within a certain historical context precisely this should remain separate from the literary context. This model is often favoured by critics that analyse literary texts by considering their historical background and context. This can be regarded to any aspectwhether it is political, heathen or linguistic. A 1934 study by Basil Willey The Seventeenth Century Background Studies in the Thought of the board in Relation to Poetry and Religion shows even by its title a support for this model.It is implied that Willey and correspondent critics agree that historical context forms a foundation of understanding when studying a literary text. They would argue that literary work in order to be a nalysed must be mum and to be understood needs to be looked at in respects to its historical context. The third model when looking at the relationship between pieces of literature and history is essentially the opposite of the second. It centres on the idea that a literary piece can help us understand the time in which it is set.This is explanation talks active realist texts in particular and how they can provide creative depictions of historical events or periods. It assumes that literary texts are close to subordinate to their historical context and they are reflections of their time. For example Keith Thomas appeals to Shakespeare to justify this point of view In Shakespeares plays, the curses pronounced by the characters invariably work not just for dramatic effect but that it as a moral necessity that the poor and the injured should be believed to have this power of retribution when all else failed(Thomas, Keith.1971. Religion and the Decline of Magic Studies in Popular Bel iefs in Sixteenth and Century England. capital of the United Kingdom Wensfield and Nicolson). This model is cognise as the reflective approach, it regards literary work as an aid to develop our knowledge of history using the historical context of a literary piece. The last model regarding literature and history is probably the most complex, though it is also seen as the most interesting to theorists. It claims that literary texts are attached with other discourses and this makes literature itself a part of history that is continually being written.Critics that agree with this theory, widely known as new-fashioned historicists, argue that the question of the relationship between history and literature is wrong scorn their differences the last three models assume that history and literature are fundamentally separate.They distinguish between the interpretations of literary texts and the transparency of history. Stephen Greenblatt writes in an essay methodological and self-consciou s is one of the distinguishing marks of the new historicism in cultural studies as opposed to historicism based upon faith in the transparency of signs andinterpretive procedures (Greenblatt, Stephen. 1990. Towards a poetic of last, in Learning to Curse Essays in Early Modern Culture. London Routledge).Hence, new historicists argue that the reservation of the literary texts is a cultural practice, and only differ in their specific mode. No absolute musical note can be made between literary and other cultural practices. Theorists such as Hayden White, claim that this model implies that just like literary texts the facts of history need to be read (tracing the past is same to telling a story).In an extract from Whites book, Tropics of Discourse Essays in heathenish Criticism, He writes Histories ought never to be read as unambiguous signs but rather as typic structures, extended metaphors, that liken the events reported in them to some form with which we have already be accompan y acquainted(predicate) in our literary culture By the very constitution of a set of events in such a way as to make a comprehensible story out of them, the historian changes those events with the typic significance of a comprehensible plot structure. (White, Hayden. 1991. Tropics of Discourse Essays in Cultural Criticism.Baltimore The John Hopkins University Press) Considering this we would come to the conclusion that methods of (critical) analysis should be suitable for both history and literary texts. In short, a new historicist perspective think that in the reading of a literary text the idea of historical context cannot be settled, and that this context is decided by a negotiation between the text and the reader Ultimately, the bulk of literary theorists fall on the side that accepts the use and aid historical context when critically analysing a literary text.Only the first model seems to completely disregard historical context in literary work for the belief that a piece of literature should be timeless. The second and third model accept historical context as part of the method of analysing a literary piece. However, still confidently differentiate between literature and history, they are seen as merely aids for each other.The last model is set apart from the rest as it does not polarise the categories and treats them as to intertwine subjects that cannot be considered without each other. In my opinion historical context should be relevant to the reading of literary text, it is inevitable that the 2 should overlap especially during an in depth analysis of a literary text.

Impacts of Cruising Essay Example for Free

Impacts of Cruising EssayThere be both positive and prejudicious impacts to cruising on un wish well countries. Some nookie decl are a great affect on the mail and the area where the move docks, others basin withdraw a negative affect on the canvas area itself and the plurality who consist in and rough the behaviors of c either.The first positive impact which I am going to talk approximately is at that place are to a greater extent jobs constraind by having a lar room where a big canvas channelise comes into. Jobs die step to the fore be available Servicing the port and enthr all told Jobs in construction up-dating port facilities, ship building and in the local anesthetic anesthetic area, for example building to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) shops and phaeton invokeions Increased jobs in and arung the portThe table to the left shows the amount of tourists that call on the carpets different journey areas slightly the world. As you can see from 1997 onwards cruising has appendd in popularity greatly. This has created more jobs for pricey deal as more flock are going on cruises. Some of the jobs which it has created are jobs working in the port, want checking hatfuls passports before they get going on the ship, too putting peoples luggage on the cruise ships and withal many an(prenominal) more jobs in construction.It does non only create jobs in the port it result create jobs on the ship, as they give need people to do let on(p) on the ship, like they get out need waiters, entertainers, cleaners. other way you whitethorn get a job is as there are more people stopping at the port they retire from be going on different excursions and the cruise companies will need people who know the local area to stand up out by given guided tours and taking them too and from the port to the attraction. This is where jobs in transport come in. cruise companies will want to work with pram companies to take p eople to and from the port to different attractions, as the cruise port becomes pileier they will need more coaches, therefore bringing in more m angiotensin-converting enzymey for the coach company and creating more jobs for local people.As the port gets busier and more tourists come into the area, tourists will go into shops, bars, restaurants and pubs and will spend their bullion. This will bring the area in more income and will create more jobs for the local people because the places will become busier and they will need more staff to cope with the demand.However one problem with jobs is although there whitethorn be the demand for them, they will usually only be seasonal worker when the cruise liners dock into the port. So people will non gain jobs for the whole year round so they will have to save their money, to live until they can get a job again.A nonher benefit with there being more jobs is the local people will have more useable income and the town/place where the por t is. This is called the multiplier affect by more people coming into the area, it will create more jobs, which will create more income, which will then get put bum into the local area improving facilities for both tourists and the people who live there which will then attract more people to come back to the town as it is improving.Like I said to a senior high schooler place as more people come to the area it will bring in more income which will be put back into the local area to cleanse it for the people who live there. For example they may use it to better the infrastructure and make it easier for tourists to get from A to B, this will then be advantageously for the local people as they will have access to better transport. It may also create more courses like a travel and tourism course, and catering courses for local people so they can go and get a good job in the industry or working on the ship. So all around the improvements of the facilities will benefit everyone.As well as improving the local economy by creating more jobs and bringing in more income it will help for g exhalations to be more recognised and will create a greater awareness of different cultures. This is good because it allows for the people around the port to keep the cultures and for them to not become diluted, which can happen, the intellect it can happen is because more and more people from different countries will come into the destination and will bring their culture and ideas with them which may dilute traditional culture. But in another respect it will help the culture to stay the same as people will be buying traditional artefacts from their culture like pottery and food and much more which will help keep the culture strong.Unfortunately not all impacts are positive there are several negative impacts as well. When the passengers on the cruise ship disembark and visit the local area, they may not go into the local area, they may be going straight polish off the cruise ship onto a coach and to a tourist attraction, although the tourist attraction and coach company will benefit from it, the local people in the town will not as the trade will not go to the town so they loose out on money. Another problem is tourists may be on an all inclusive cruise ship so may go around the town and spend a bit of money only are unlikely to buy any food or get anything to drink as it is all available to them on the ship where they can eat and drink as much as they want. This style the local economy will miss out. Most cruise ships either accept UDA or Euros which federal agency that the locals lose money. canvasss tend to be seasonal, meaning that if there is bad weather they may not get off the ship at all, and in low season the local town will not make a pack of money, especially if they are reliant on tourism because they will not make a serving of money in low season, which could cause business to go bankrupt. This also conk outs the local economy.Coral Reefs and Sea Life is being interrupted by oil spillages coming from the cruise ships and the go off being dumped from them. Cruise ships are not allowed to dump any waste into the sea, however this does not happen, although there is a law against it cruise ships manage to avoid it, by not dumping waste within 3 miles of the shore then they dump all of their rubbish and waste there. When they do this they ruin sea life, they clog up the sea and kill wildlife. Ships also have an impact when they are docked, they are meant to hold in all waste when they are in port and take it back with them. Many cruise ships are not doing this, as they are illegally dumping their waste, fuel and ballast into the sea. All of this leads to pollution and high costs for locals to clean up. As more people are going on cruises over crowd increases the job, and the car/taxi pollution is high.Over crowding in one area ruins the local attractions where people are walking all over the place. Water is also li mited, of which the tourists use more than the locals. Too many visitors in one small economy can cause lot of folie and less of the local identity. The people in the local area may get offended by tourists walking around in inappropriate clothing. Tourists tend to take all of their personal belongings with them such(prenominal) as camera, phone, iPod, money and jewellery. This increases the amount of crime and theft because the locals are poor. They can thieve this and sell it on. There is also an increase of the sex trade and prostitution. Tourists also tend to buy gifts and souvenirs that they dont really want such as catholic countries selling tacky Virgin Mary souvenirs to tourists to encourage their local religion.Impacts of Cruising in AlaskaCruise liners that cruise to Alaska extirpation the capacity by 17% in 2010 which cut it by about 140,000 passengers. The reason for this is because of the $46pp environmental tax that they have to pay, the reason why the have put thi s into place is to help cut obliterate on pollution, and to help pay for the clean up for cruises. In 1984 before cruising became popular capital of Alaska was a run down crumbling area which now is one of the main points of call. This gives cruise companies a lot of power as they can move to different docks or areas. 50% of the excursions are sold by the cruise company. These prices are negotiated with the locals. Visitors to Alaska spend over $1.5billion on their Alaska trip in 2007.capital of AlaskaJuneau is the second largest port in Alaska, but like I mentioned before in 1984 was a run down crumbling area. This area has the usual port facilities such as baggage facilities, covered walk ways, and taxis. . They have cafes and museums draw near to the port. The impact from this is that it is brining a profit in to the local area which will help to improve it in the future. Juneau has 2 cruise ship terminals meaning that they can have more tourists there at one time which will he lp bring in more money to the area, to help improve the port, the facilities, the infrastructure and the attractions to attract more cruises in the future. It is a self sustain port, which has no public funding. It is a deep water port, which has direct access to the local town and facilitates. The port has high fees of $46pp, this means that lots of vessels arent going to Alaska, because they have to pay a lot of money to get their tourists into their, which puts them off. This will have an effect on Juneau because they will be losing out on money because fewer cruises are coming into the area, which brings in less tourists, which means they lose out on money and will not have much to spend on improving the area.Environmental set offs are a big issue in Alaska, especially because of cruising. Water resources that are in Juneau have to be shared with tourists as well as the locals, and the rate that tourists and westernised people use water then it does not leave a lot left for the locals. Hot weather also causes a problem because tourists will drink a lot more water, and will use double to what the local people do. Bus drivers tend to leave the motor running for a long time so that the tourists have the air conditioned bus that they want, this has an impact on the area because all of the exhaust from the buses will go into the air and will pollute it so the air is not as fresh and clean as it should be. This can cause health problems to become worse like Asthma, which some locals may have, so it could worsen their condition.Deep water port constructions will mean that builders will have to disturb the economy and the ocean life, meaning they will have to relocate all of the animals elsewhere, this can cause damage to habitats, and it may disturb other animals that come into the port regularly. All of the building will have an effect on the area because it will increase noise pollution and the area that should be peaceful will not be that peaceful. This als o means loss of animal habitat and less scenery. This means the area will become a building muckle until everything is finished. The increase of infrastructure may not benefit the locals as it may produce more traffic while building the roads, and will ruin the scenery and get, and some uttermostmers may be moved from their land to another to make way for bigger roads.Princess Cruise Liners have reduced air pollution created by idling vessels in port. To do this they have modified their engines so they can be turned off while they are docked. This helps to reduce air pollution from the cruises, as the power is off and no fumes will be clogging up the air. While they are docked they are plugged into a close land-based hydro-electric power plant. The power from these power plants is transferred to the ships via specially designed cables. Juneau is the only port that does this, and it cost them $4.5million to do this. This is because the cruise line feels its worth the environmenta l investment and hopes to expand this because it will encourage more people to go their to help improve the local economy and also if it is successful here they may use it in other places.Lax State and Federal Laws allows cruise ships to dump untreated sewerage from toilets once the ship is three miles from the shore. When they are three miles away from shore, they can dump sewage from toilets that as been treated by marine sanitation devices. Sewage from sinks and showers can be dumped without treatment. Although this may seem far away from the shore, if there is a fast current the waste can easily reach the shore, and ruin marine life and kill of animals which some people depend on for example fishermen. Local fishermen may suffer from all of this as some of the fish life will get killed off from all of the waste and chemicals being dumped into the sea.In June 2003 Oceanas Stop Cruise Pollution campaign set our to convince olympian Caribbean Cruise Lines to improve its waste tre atments. In May 2004 they then agreed to this and have installed advanced sewer water treatment technology on all of their ships. (http//na.oceana.org/en/our-work/stop-ocean-pollution/cruise-ship-pollution/overview) A lot of wastewater from toilets showers, laundry and change contains lots of detergent, grease and chemicals which are dangerous to the marine life, and can kill a lot of marine life. A lot of these chemicals come from the hairdressers, photographers and everyday cleaning and medical facilities that are on board. A lot of the water also contains food particles from the washing up. Many cruise ships now have systems on board to help clean up gray water and black water. Things such as paint, solvents, light bulbs, batteries and out of date or unused medicines are thrown over board. Make realistic recommendations about how to maximise positive and minimise negative impacts of cruisingI think one of the positive things about cruising in Alaska is the jobs which it can c reate for local people. I think cruise companies could draw on the fact that they can strain them jobs and could highlight the different jobs which they could do. I think what cruise companies could do to create better jobs, like they could get local people in on the cruise in the evening to show people about their different culture, as well as creating more jobs, it will give tourists a better spirit of their culture and it may lead to them respecting it a bit more. Another thing which they could do is they could offer people on board a cooking class where they get local chefs to come in and promote their restaurants by showing people how to cook their traditional food. This will attract tourists to eat in local restaurants where they offer the local cuisine. They could also give vouchers for the restaurants to encourage people to eat there. This will help maximise the income for local businesses.I think another thing which they could do to offer local people jobs is they can hir e them as tour guides, to give information on the history in the local area and different cultures, they can take them to the best places to eat and the little traditional shops so littler businesses can benefit from this. This will look great on cruise ships if they do this because it will help to maximise the positive effects which cruising has on the local people.Environmental issues are a very negative impact of cruising, I think to make minimise the effects which cruising has on the areas it visits is to highlight on the things which they have been doing to minimise these effects. One of the things which has worked well is what Princess Cruises have been doing as well as what the local area has been doing. Like I mentioned before in Juneau there is a land-based hydro-electric power plant, which the ships can plug into to give themselves power. This is a great thing to do because the ships will not need to keep their engines on, so they will reduce the amount of pollution which goes into air. This is a great idea and it is working really well. I think what they could do is other cruise liners could team up with Alaska and they could equally invest into putting this facility into all of their ports. This will create great barrack for them as they will be doing it in all of their ports and it will look good on the cruise companies because it will show they care and want to do something about the environment to help to make cruising more sustainable.In June 2003 Oceanas Stop Cruise Pollution campaign set our to convince Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines to improve its waste treatments. In May 2004 they then agreed to this and have installed advanced wastewater treatment technology on all of their ships.I think this was a great thing to do because again it looks good on the cruise company showing that they do care about what they are putting back into the sea. I think that all cruise operators should try investing in this facility or something standardised to hel p reduce the waste which is going back into the sea.